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Definition of Cyber Crime “Any crime that involves a computer and a network is called a "Computer Crime" or “Cyber Crime” . For this purpose a computer may have been used to commit such crime or simply a computer may be the target. Another term called “Internet crime” refers to criminal activities for exploiting the internet. These crimes include and is not limited to identity theft, threatening a nation’s security, copyright infringement and child pornography. These crimes have become a threat to individual privacy, where confidential data, individual’s identity or photos and videos etc. is stolen or intercepted by the attacker. In “Cyber Crime” such as identity theft, financial theft, espionage mostly non-state agents and government organizations are involved. For example, in the latest turn of events the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States was held responsible for intercepting and spying on millions of online users . Or in another exampl...

Nuclide half-lives colorcoded Two nuclides are isotones if they have the very same neutron number N , but different proton number Z . For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons , and so are isotones. Similarly, 36 S, 37 Cl, 38 Ar, 39 K, and 40 Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons. Despite its similarity to the Greek for "same stretching", the term was formed by the German physicist K. Guggenheimer [ 1 ] by replacing the "p" in " isotope " with "n" for "neutron". [ 2 ] The largest numbers of observationally stable nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five; 86 Kr, 88 Sr, 89 Y, 90 Zr, 92 Mo) and 82 (six; 138 Ba, 139 La, 140 Ce, 141 Pr, 142 Nd, 144 Sm). Neutron numbers for which there are no stable isotones are 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 71, 89, 115, 123, and 127 or more. In contrast, the proton numbers for which there are no stable isotopes are 43, 61, and 83 or more. [ ...

Isobars are atoms ( nuclides ) of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons . Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons ) but have the same mass number . An example of a series of isobars would be 40 S , 40 Cl , 40 Ar , 40 K , and 40 Ca . The nuclei of these nuclides all contain 40 nucleons; however, they contain varying numbers of protons and neutrons. [ 1 ] The term "isobars" (originally "isobares") for nuclides was suggested by Alfred Walter Stewart in 1918. [ 2 ] It is derived from the Greek word isos , meaning "equal" and baros , meaning "weight" Mass The same mass number does not imply neither the same mass of nuclei , nor equal atomic masses of corresponding nuclides. From the Weizsäcker's formula for the mass of a nucleus where mass number  A equals to the sum of atomic number  Z and number of neutrons  N , and m p , m n , a V , a S , a C , a A are constants, one...

This article is about the atomic variants of chemical elements. For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation) . Nuclear physics Nucleus   · Nucleons  ( p , n )  · Nuclear force   · Nuclear structure   · Nuclear reaction Nuclear models and stability [show] Nuclides ' classification [hide] Isotopes – equal Z Isobars – equal A Isotones – equal N Isodiaphers – equal N  −  Z       Isomers – equal all the above Mirror nuclei  – Z ↔ N Stable   · Magic   · Even/odd   · Halo Radioactive decay [show] Nuclear fission [show] Capturing processes [show] High energy processes [show] Nucleosynthesis topics [show] Scientists [show] v t e The three naturally-occurring isotopes of hydrogen . The fact that each isotope has one proton makes them all variants of hydrogen : the identity of the isotop...