Glass frog
Glass frog
For other uses, see GlassFrog (disambiguation).
The glass frogs (or glassfrogs) are frogs of the
amphibian family Centrolenidae (order Anura). While
the general background coloration of most glass frogs is
primarily lime green, the abdominal skin of some members
of this family is translucent. The internal viscera,
including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, are
visible through this translucent skin, hence the common
name.
1 Taxonomy
The first described species of Centrolenidae was the “giant”
Centrolene geckoideum, named by Marcos Jiménez
de la Espada in 1872, based on a specimen collected in
northeastern Ecuador. Several species were described in
subsequent years by different herpetologists (including G.
A. Boulenger, G. K. Noble, and E. H. Taylor), but usually
placed together with the tree frogs in the genera Hylella
or Hyla.
The family Centrolenidae was proposed by Edward H.
Taylor in 1951. Between the 1950s and 1970s, most
species of glass frogs were known from Central America,
particularly from Costa Rica and Panama, where Taylor
and Jay M. Savage extensively worked, and just a few
species were known to occur in South America. In 1973,
John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman published a
large revision of the glass frogs from Ecuador. showing
the species richness of Centrolenidae was particularly
concentrated in the Andes. Later contributions by authors
such as Juan Rivero, Savage, William Duellman,
John D. Lynch, Pedro Ruiz-Carranza and José Ayarzagüena
increased the number of described taxa, especially
from Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
and Peru.
The evolutionary relationships, biogeography, and character
evolution of centrolenids were discussed by
Guayasamin et al. (2008[1]) Glass frogs originated in
South America and dispersed multiple times into Central
America. Character evolution seems to be complex, with
multiple gains and/or losses of humeral spines, reduced
hand webbing, and complete ventral transparency.
The taxonomical classification of the glass frogs has been
problematic. In 1991, after a major revision of the
species and taxonomic characters, the herpetologists Pedro
Ruiz-Carranza and John D. Lynch published a proposal
for a taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae
based on cladistic principles and defining monophyletic
groups.[2] That paper was the first of a series of contributions
dealing with the glass frogs from Colombia
that lead them to described almost 50 species of glass
frogs. The genus Centrolene was proposed to include
the species with a humeral spine in adult males, and the
genus Hyalinobatrachium to include the species with a
bulbous liver.[2] However, they left a heterogeneous group
of species in the genus Cochranella, defined just by lacking
a humeral spine and a bulbous liver.[2] Since the publication
of the extensive revision of the Colombian glass
frogs, several other publications have dealt with the glass
frogs from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.
In 2006, the genus Nymphargus was erected [3] for the
species with basal webbing among outer fingers (part of
the previous Cochranella ocellata species group).
The four genera (Centrolene, Cochranella, Hyalinobatrachium,
Nymphargus) have been shown to be poly- or
paraphyletic (2008[4]) and recently a new taxonomy has
been proposed (see below).
2 Classification
The family Centrolenidae is a clade of anurans. Previously,
the family was considered closely related to the
family Hylidae; however, recent phylogenetic studies[5]
have placed them (and their sister taxon, the family
Allophrynidae) closer to the family Leptodactylidae.
The monophyly of Centrolenidae is supported by morphological
and behavioral characters, including: (1) presence
of a dilated process on the medial side of the
third metacarpal (an apparently unique synapomorphy);
(2) ventral origin of the musculus flexor teres digiti
III relative to the musculus transversi metacarpi I; (3)
terminal phalanges T-shaped; (4) exotroph, lotic, burrower/
fossorial tadpoles with a vermiform body and dorsal
C-shaped eyes, that live buried within leaf packs in still
or flowing water systems; (5) eggs clutches deposited outside
of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing
water systems. Several molecular synapomorphies also
support the monophyly of the clade.[5]
The taxonomic classification of Centrolenidae was recently
modified. The family now contains two subfamilies
and 12 genera. [6]
1
2 4 CHARACTERISTICS
3 Genera
Centrolene prosoblepon from Ecuador
Cochranella albomaculata from Costa Rica
Family CENTROLENIDAE
Subfamily Centroleninae
Genus Centrolene Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
Genus Chimerella Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Cochranella Taylor, 1951
Genus Espadarana Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Nymphargus Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid,
2007
Genus Rulyrana Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb,
Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Sachatamia Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Teratohyla Taylor, 1951
Genus Vitreorana Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae
Genus Celsiella Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb,
Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Cochranella granulosa from Costa Rica
Genus Hyalinobatrachium Ruiz-Carranza &
Lynch, 1991 - “True” Glass Frogs
Subfamily Allophryninae
Incertae sedis Ikakogi Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb,
Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
4 Characteristics
Glass frogs are generally small, ranging from 3 to 7.5 cm
(1.2 to 3.0 in) in length. They are known to eat their own
young. They are green in color over most of their bodies,
save for the skin along the lower surface of the body,
which is translucent.[7]
Glass frogs are similar in appearance to some green frogs
of the genus Eleutherodactylus and to some tree frogs of
the family Hylidae. However, hylid tree frogs have eyes
that face to the side, whilst those of glass frogs face forward.
Some species of green tree frogs (especially juveniles),
such as Hyloscirtus palmeri and Hypsiboas pellucens,
have the transparent abdominal skin typical of glass
frogs, but they also have calcars on the heels, a character
not present in any species of the Centrolenidae.
3
5 Distribution
The Centrolenidae are a diverse family, distributed from
southern Mexico to Panama, and through the Andes from
Venezuela and the island of Tobago to Bolivia, with some
species in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, the
Guiana Shield region, southeastern Brazil, and northern
Argentina.
6 Biology
Glass frogs are mostly arboreal. They live along rivers and
streams during the breeding season, and are particularly
diverse in montane cloud forests of Central and South
America, although some species occur also in Amazon
and Chocóan rainforest and semi-deciduous forests.
The eggs are usually deposited on the leaves of trees
or shrubs hanging over the running water of mountain
streams, creeks, and small rivers. One species leaves its
eggs over stones close to waterfalls. The method of egglaying
on the leaf varies between species. The males usually
call from leaves close to their egg clutches. These
eggs are less vulnerable to predators than those laid within
water, but are affected by the parasitic maggots of some
fly species.[7] As a result, some glass frogs show parental
care. After they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the waters
below. The tadpoles are elongated, with powerful tails
and low fins, suited for fast-flowing water.[7] Outside of
the breeding season, some species live in the canopy.
7 References
[1] Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J. Ayarzaguena,
L. Trueb y C. Vilá. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of
glass frogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and
nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
48:574–595.
[2] Ruíz-Carranza, P.M. and J. D. Lynch. 1991. Ranas Centrolenidae
de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificación
genérica. Lozania, 57, 1–30.
[3] Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. & McDiarmid, R.W. (2006). A
new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia: Anura:
Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy
and biogeography of Glassfrogs. Zootaxa 1244:
1-32 - Description of Centrolene mariaelenae. (PDF of
the abstract available by clicking here)
[4] Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J. Ayarzaguena,
L. Trueb y C. Vilá. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of
glass frogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and
nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
48:574–595.
[5] Frost D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A.,
Haddad, C.F.B., de Sa, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson,
M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A.,
Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A.,
Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. (2006) The
Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum
of Natural History, 297, 1–370. (PDF available by
clicking here)
[6] (Guayasamin et al., 2009).
[7] Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel,
R.G., ed. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San
Diego: Academic Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-12-178560-
2.
Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, L. Trueb,
J. Ayarzagüena, M. Rada, C. Vilá. 2009. Phylogenetic
systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia:
Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne
ruthveni. Zootaxa 2100:1-97.
Kubicki, Brian. Ranas De Vidrio - Costa Rica -
Glass Frogs (2007). In Spanish and English. ISBN
9968-927-25-2.
8 External links
Amphibian Species of the World
Centrolenidae in AmphibiaWeb Ecuador
Centrolenidae in AmphibiaWeb
Glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) Project
Centrolenidae in the Tree of Life site
Centrolenidae in ITIS
Research on Centrolenidae
Centrolenidae in Livingunderworld.org
Centrolenidae in Animal Diversity Web
Centrolenidae en InfoNatura
Fleischmann’s glass frog at National Geographic
Various Frog Species
4 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
9.1 Text
Glass frog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20frog?oldid=658903131 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Andrewman327, Greenrd,
THSlone, Pengo, Gdr, PDH, B kimmel, Alai, Stemonitis, Isfisk, Gordeonbleu, Marudubshinki, BD2412, Eubot, LiquidGhoul, Ih8evilstuff,
Gdrbot, YurikBot, RussBot, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Lijealso, E rulez, TDogg310, BOT-Superzerocool, Hmains, MPD01605, Bluebot,
A. B., WarriorScribe, OrphanBot, Cephal-odd, Quasispace, Gobonobo, PaddyM, Sarah crane, Tnarg 12345, Myasuda, Froggydarb, Mattisse,
JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Keraunos, Steveprutz, Dfcisneros, Bleh999, Gwern, Anaxial, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Mandakins888,
NewEnglandYankee, Squids and Chips, Calyx93, Seb az86556, SieBot, Froggycowgirl164, Da Joe, ClueBot, The Thing That Should
Not Be, Mild Bill Hiccup, Arunsingh16, Panellet, Spitfire, MystBot, Addbot, Fyrael, 5 albert square, Laikayiu, Ben Ben, Yobot, Panek,
AnomieBOT, Citation bot, FreeRangeFrog, Xqbot, Gigemag76, Locos epraix, Sky Attacker, Tony Wills, Craig Pemberton, Pinethicket,
Migiziice, Unie9, Okhan786, JurriaanH, Tjtrumpet94, Innotata, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Gfoley4, Wikipelli,MaximGavrilyuk, Nigcob, عباد
ديرانية ,Mwkanura, Vanessa.rena.black, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot,Wasbeer,MusikAnimal, PaentWithFire, AzseicsoK, YFdyh-bot,
Lugia2453, Graphium, 069952497a, KatieM1221, Ugog Nizdast, Kadoreo, Mschwind200 and Anonymous: 75
9.2 Images
File:Ceprosoblepon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Ceprosoblepon.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
www.cisneros-heredia.org Original artist: D. F. Cisneros-Heredia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Glass_frog2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Glass_frog2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by GoEThe using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was Froggydarb
at English Wikipedia
File:Glass_frog_CR.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Glass_frog_CR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: JurriaanH
File:White-Lipped-small.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/White-Lipped-small.jpg License: CC-BYSA-
3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
9.3 Content license
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
For other uses, see GlassFrog (disambiguation).
The glass frogs (or glassfrogs) are frogs of the
amphibian family Centrolenidae (order Anura). While
the general background coloration of most glass frogs is
primarily lime green, the abdominal skin of some members
of this family is translucent. The internal viscera,
including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, are
visible through this translucent skin, hence the common
name.
1 Taxonomy
The first described species of Centrolenidae was the “giant”
Centrolene geckoideum, named by Marcos Jiménez
de la Espada in 1872, based on a specimen collected in
northeastern Ecuador. Several species were described in
subsequent years by different herpetologists (including G.
A. Boulenger, G. K. Noble, and E. H. Taylor), but usually
placed together with the tree frogs in the genera Hylella
or Hyla.
The family Centrolenidae was proposed by Edward H.
Taylor in 1951. Between the 1950s and 1970s, most
species of glass frogs were known from Central America,
particularly from Costa Rica and Panama, where Taylor
and Jay M. Savage extensively worked, and just a few
species were known to occur in South America. In 1973,
John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman published a
large revision of the glass frogs from Ecuador. showing
the species richness of Centrolenidae was particularly
concentrated in the Andes. Later contributions by authors
such as Juan Rivero, Savage, William Duellman,
John D. Lynch, Pedro Ruiz-Carranza and José Ayarzagüena
increased the number of described taxa, especially
from Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
and Peru.
The evolutionary relationships, biogeography, and character
evolution of centrolenids were discussed by
Guayasamin et al. (2008[1]) Glass frogs originated in
South America and dispersed multiple times into Central
America. Character evolution seems to be complex, with
multiple gains and/or losses of humeral spines, reduced
hand webbing, and complete ventral transparency.
The taxonomical classification of the glass frogs has been
problematic. In 1991, after a major revision of the
species and taxonomic characters, the herpetologists Pedro
Ruiz-Carranza and John D. Lynch published a proposal
for a taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae
based on cladistic principles and defining monophyletic
groups.[2] That paper was the first of a series of contributions
dealing with the glass frogs from Colombia
that lead them to described almost 50 species of glass
frogs. The genus Centrolene was proposed to include
the species with a humeral spine in adult males, and the
genus Hyalinobatrachium to include the species with a
bulbous liver.[2] However, they left a heterogeneous group
of species in the genus Cochranella, defined just by lacking
a humeral spine and a bulbous liver.[2] Since the publication
of the extensive revision of the Colombian glass
frogs, several other publications have dealt with the glass
frogs from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.
In 2006, the genus Nymphargus was erected [3] for the
species with basal webbing among outer fingers (part of
the previous Cochranella ocellata species group).
The four genera (Centrolene, Cochranella, Hyalinobatrachium,
Nymphargus) have been shown to be poly- or
paraphyletic (2008[4]) and recently a new taxonomy has
been proposed (see below).
2 Classification
The family Centrolenidae is a clade of anurans. Previously,
the family was considered closely related to the
family Hylidae; however, recent phylogenetic studies[5]
have placed them (and their sister taxon, the family
Allophrynidae) closer to the family Leptodactylidae.
The monophyly of Centrolenidae is supported by morphological
and behavioral characters, including: (1) presence
of a dilated process on the medial side of the
third metacarpal (an apparently unique synapomorphy);
(2) ventral origin of the musculus flexor teres digiti
III relative to the musculus transversi metacarpi I; (3)
terminal phalanges T-shaped; (4) exotroph, lotic, burrower/
fossorial tadpoles with a vermiform body and dorsal
C-shaped eyes, that live buried within leaf packs in still
or flowing water systems; (5) eggs clutches deposited outside
of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing
water systems. Several molecular synapomorphies also
support the monophyly of the clade.[5]
The taxonomic classification of Centrolenidae was recently
modified. The family now contains two subfamilies
and 12 genera. [6]
1
2 4 CHARACTERISTICS
3 Genera
Centrolene prosoblepon from Ecuador
Cochranella albomaculata from Costa Rica
Family CENTROLENIDAE
Subfamily Centroleninae
Genus Centrolene Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
Genus Chimerella Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Cochranella Taylor, 1951
Genus Espadarana Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Nymphargus Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid,
2007
Genus Rulyrana Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb,
Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Sachatamia Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Genus Teratohyla Taylor, 1951
Genus Vitreorana Guayasamin, Castroviejo,
Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae
Genus Celsiella Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb,
Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
Cochranella granulosa from Costa Rica
Genus Hyalinobatrachium Ruiz-Carranza &
Lynch, 1991 - “True” Glass Frogs
Subfamily Allophryninae
Incertae sedis Ikakogi Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb,
Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
4 Characteristics
Glass frogs are generally small, ranging from 3 to 7.5 cm
(1.2 to 3.0 in) in length. They are known to eat their own
young. They are green in color over most of their bodies,
save for the skin along the lower surface of the body,
which is translucent.[7]
Glass frogs are similar in appearance to some green frogs
of the genus Eleutherodactylus and to some tree frogs of
the family Hylidae. However, hylid tree frogs have eyes
that face to the side, whilst those of glass frogs face forward.
Some species of green tree frogs (especially juveniles),
such as Hyloscirtus palmeri and Hypsiboas pellucens,
have the transparent abdominal skin typical of glass
frogs, but they also have calcars on the heels, a character
not present in any species of the Centrolenidae.
3
5 Distribution
The Centrolenidae are a diverse family, distributed from
southern Mexico to Panama, and through the Andes from
Venezuela and the island of Tobago to Bolivia, with some
species in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, the
Guiana Shield region, southeastern Brazil, and northern
Argentina.
6 Biology
Glass frogs are mostly arboreal. They live along rivers and
streams during the breeding season, and are particularly
diverse in montane cloud forests of Central and South
America, although some species occur also in Amazon
and Chocóan rainforest and semi-deciduous forests.
The eggs are usually deposited on the leaves of trees
or shrubs hanging over the running water of mountain
streams, creeks, and small rivers. One species leaves its
eggs over stones close to waterfalls. The method of egglaying
on the leaf varies between species. The males usually
call from leaves close to their egg clutches. These
eggs are less vulnerable to predators than those laid within
water, but are affected by the parasitic maggots of some
fly species.[7] As a result, some glass frogs show parental
care. After they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the waters
below. The tadpoles are elongated, with powerful tails
and low fins, suited for fast-flowing water.[7] Outside of
the breeding season, some species live in the canopy.
7 References
[1] Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J. Ayarzaguena,
L. Trueb y C. Vilá. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of
glass frogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and
nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
48:574–595.
[2] Ruíz-Carranza, P.M. and J. D. Lynch. 1991. Ranas Centrolenidae
de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificación
genérica. Lozania, 57, 1–30.
[3] Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. & McDiarmid, R.W. (2006). A
new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia: Anura:
Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy
and biogeography of Glassfrogs. Zootaxa 1244:
1-32 - Description of Centrolene mariaelenae. (PDF of
the abstract available by clicking here)
[4] Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J. Ayarzaguena,
L. Trueb y C. Vilá. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of
glass frogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and
nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
48:574–595.
[5] Frost D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A.,
Haddad, C.F.B., de Sa, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson,
M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A.,
Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A.,
Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. (2006) The
Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum
of Natural History, 297, 1–370. (PDF available by
clicking here)
[6] (Guayasamin et al., 2009).
[7] Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel,
R.G., ed. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San
Diego: Academic Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-12-178560-
2.
Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, L. Trueb,
J. Ayarzagüena, M. Rada, C. Vilá. 2009. Phylogenetic
systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia:
Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne
ruthveni. Zootaxa 2100:1-97.
Kubicki, Brian. Ranas De Vidrio - Costa Rica -
Glass Frogs (2007). In Spanish and English. ISBN
9968-927-25-2.
8 External links
Amphibian Species of the World
Centrolenidae in AmphibiaWeb Ecuador
Centrolenidae in AmphibiaWeb
Glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) Project
Centrolenidae in the Tree of Life site
Centrolenidae in ITIS
Research on Centrolenidae
Centrolenidae in Livingunderworld.org
Centrolenidae in Animal Diversity Web
Centrolenidae en InfoNatura
Fleischmann’s glass frog at National Geographic
Various Frog Species
4 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
9.1 Text
Glass frog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20frog?oldid=658903131 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Andrewman327, Greenrd,
THSlone, Pengo, Gdr, PDH, B kimmel, Alai, Stemonitis, Isfisk, Gordeonbleu, Marudubshinki, BD2412, Eubot, LiquidGhoul, Ih8evilstuff,
Gdrbot, YurikBot, RussBot, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Lijealso, E rulez, TDogg310, BOT-Superzerocool, Hmains, MPD01605, Bluebot,
A. B., WarriorScribe, OrphanBot, Cephal-odd, Quasispace, Gobonobo, PaddyM, Sarah crane, Tnarg 12345, Myasuda, Froggydarb, Mattisse,
JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Keraunos, Steveprutz, Dfcisneros, Bleh999, Gwern, Anaxial, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Mandakins888,
NewEnglandYankee, Squids and Chips, Calyx93, Seb az86556, SieBot, Froggycowgirl164, Da Joe, ClueBot, The Thing That Should
Not Be, Mild Bill Hiccup, Arunsingh16, Panellet, Spitfire, MystBot, Addbot, Fyrael, 5 albert square, Laikayiu, Ben Ben, Yobot, Panek,
AnomieBOT, Citation bot, FreeRangeFrog, Xqbot, Gigemag76, Locos epraix, Sky Attacker, Tony Wills, Craig Pemberton, Pinethicket,
Migiziice, Unie9, Okhan786, JurriaanH, Tjtrumpet94, Innotata, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Gfoley4, Wikipelli,MaximGavrilyuk, Nigcob, عباد
ديرانية ,Mwkanura, Vanessa.rena.black, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot,Wasbeer,MusikAnimal, PaentWithFire, AzseicsoK, YFdyh-bot,
Lugia2453, Graphium, 069952497a, KatieM1221, Ugog Nizdast, Kadoreo, Mschwind200 and Anonymous: 75
9.2 Images
File:Ceprosoblepon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Ceprosoblepon.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
www.cisneros-heredia.org Original artist: D. F. Cisneros-Heredia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Glass_frog2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Glass_frog2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by GoEThe using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was Froggydarb
at English Wikipedia
File:Glass_frog_CR.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Glass_frog_CR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: JurriaanH
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